Exploratory Data Analysis Report

1 Introduction

The EDA Report provides exploratory data analysis information on objects that inherit data.frame and data.frame.

1.1 Information of Dataset

The dataset that generated the EDA Report is an ‘data.frame’ object. It consists of 14 observations and 15 variables.

1.2 Information of Variables

The variable information of the data set that generated the EDA Report is shown in the following table.:

Information of Variables

variables	types	missing_count	missing_percent	unique_count	unique_rate
Densidade	numeric	0	0	14	1.0000000
Percentagem.floresta	numeric	0	0	12	0.8571429
Coelho	numeric	0	0	14	1.0000000
Raposa	numeric	0	0	13	0.9285714
Precipitação	numeric	0	0	14	1.0000000
Humidade	numeric	0	0	9	0.6428571
Declive	numeric	0	0	4	0.2857143
Insectos	numeric	0	0	10	0.7142857
Agricola	numeric	0	0	10	0.7142857
Ratos	numeric	0	0	14	1.0000000
Temperatura	numeric	0	0	11	0.7857143
Estradas	numeric	0	0	13	0.9285714
Prox.casas	numeric	0	0	12	0.8571429
Tipo.solo	numeric	0	0	1	0.0714286
Agua	numeric	0	0	2	0.1428571

The target variable of the data is ‘Densidade’, and the data type of the variable is numeric.

1.3 About EDA Report

EDA reports provide information and visualization results that support the EDA process. In particular, it provides a variety of information to understand the relationship between the target variable and the rest of the variables of interest.

2 Univariate Analysis

2.1 Descriptive Statistics

edaData

15 Variables 14 Observations

---

Densidade

n	missing	distinct	Info	Mean	Gmd	.05	.10	.25	.50	.75	.90	.95
14	0	14	1	76.74	19.69	52.57	54.46	63.72	78.20	91.18	96.97	98.04

 Value       51.4  53.2  57.4  62.8  66.5  72.1  74.8  81.6  83.2  88.1  92.2  94.8
 Frequency      1     1     1     1     1     1     1     1     1     1     1     1
 Proportion 0.071 0.071 0.071 0.071 0.071 0.071 0.071 0.071 0.071 0.071 0.071 0.071
                       
 Value       97.9  98.3
 Frequency      1     1
 Proportion 0.071 0.071
 

---

Percentagem.floresta

n	missing	distinct	Info	Mean	Gmd	.05	.10	.25	.50	.75	.90	.95
14	0	12	0.996	7.171	6.459	0.20	0.26	2.00	8.20	10.57	10.77	14.19

 Value        0.2   0.4   1.9   2.3   6.3   6.8   9.6  10.5  10.6  10.7  10.8  20.5
 Frequency      2     1     1     1     1     1     2     1     1     1     1     1
 Proportion 0.143 0.071 0.071 0.071 0.071 0.071 0.143 0.071 0.071 0.071 0.071 0.071
 

---

Coelho

n	missing	distinct	Info	Mean	Gmd	.05	.10	.25	.50	.75	.90	.95
14	0	14	1	26.99	9.113	16.54	17.32	18.93	28.80	33.58	35.74	36.53

 Value       15.3  17.2  17.6  17.8  22.3  26.3  28.2  29.4  29.6  30.2  34.7  35.6
 Frequency      1     1     1     1     1     1     1     1     1     1     1     1
 Proportion 0.071 0.071 0.071 0.071 0.071 0.071 0.071 0.071 0.071 0.071 0.071 0.071
                       
 Value       35.8  37.9
 Frequency      1     1
 Proportion 0.071 0.071
 

---

Raposa

n	missing	distinct	Info	Mean	Gmd	.05	.10	.25	.50	.75	.90	.95
14	0	13	0.998	14.39	7.113	8.065	8.830	10.600	11.400	19.700	23.430	25.265

 Value        6.7   8.8   8.9  10.6  10.8  11.1  11.7  11.9  18.5  20.1  20.7  24.6
 Frequency      1     1     1     2     1     1     1     1     1     1     1     1
 Proportion 0.071 0.071 0.071 0.143 0.071 0.071 0.071 0.071 0.071 0.071 0.071 0.071
                 
 Value       26.5
 Frequency      1
 Proportion 0.071
 

---

Precipitação

n	missing	distinct	Info	Mean	Gmd	.05	.10	.25	.50	.75	.90	.95
14	0	14	1	11.96	8.991	3.75	5.53	6.20	9.00	17.75	22.06	24.24

 Value        0.5   5.5   5.6   5.9   7.1   7.8   8.0  10.0  13.1  14.3  18.9  20.8
 Frequency      1     1     1     1     1     1     1     1     1     1     1     1
 Proportion 0.071 0.071 0.071 0.071 0.071 0.071 0.071 0.071 0.071 0.071 0.071 0.071
                       
 Value       22.6  27.3
 Frequency      1     1
 Proportion 0.071 0.071
 

---

Humidade

n	missing	distinct	Info	Mean	Gmd
14	0	9	0.954	1.264	1.522

 Value        0.0   0.5   1.0   1.2   1.5   2.2   2.4   2.7   4.7
 Frequency      5     1     1     1     2     1     1     1     1
 Proportion 0.357 0.071 0.071 0.071 0.143 0.071 0.071 0.071 0.071
 

---

Declive

n	missing	distinct	Info	Mean	Gmd
14	0	4	0.516	0.3929	0.6956

 Value        0.0   1.1   1.9   2.5
 Frequency     11     1     1     1
 Proportion 0.786 0.071 0.071 0.071
 

---

Insectos

n	missing	distinct	Info	Mean	Gmd	.05	.10	.25	.50	.75	.90	.95
14	0	10	0.956	7.907	12.79	0.00	0.00	0.00	1.40	4.45	31.05	37.39

 Value        0.0   0.9   1.2   1.6   2.0   2.5   5.1  20.9  35.4  41.1
 Frequency      5     1     1     1     1     1     1     1     1     1
 Proportion 0.357 0.071 0.071 0.071 0.071 0.071 0.071 0.071 0.071 0.071
 

---

Agricola

n	missing	distinct	Info	Mean	Gmd	.05	.10	.25	.50	.75	.90	.95
14	0	10	0.956	2.386	3.007	0.00	0.00	0.00	1.60	4.45	6.64	6.77

 Value        0.0   0.7   1.5   1.7   1.8   2.5   5.1   6.5   6.7   6.9
 Frequency      5     1     1     1     1     1     1     1     1     1
 Proportion 0.357 0.071 0.071 0.071 0.071 0.071 0.071 0.071 0.071 0.071
 

---

Ratos

n	missing	distinct	Info	Mean	Gmd	.05	.10	.25	.50	.75	.90	.95
14	0	14	1	33.35	22.14	9.62	15.28	22.32	25.70	49.80	58.90	59.78

 Value        0.0  14.8  16.4  21.9  23.6  23.7  24.0  27.4  42.0  44.1  51.7  57.5
 Frequency      1     1     1     1     1     1     1     1     1     1     1     1
 Proportion 0.071 0.071 0.071 0.071 0.071 0.071 0.071 0.071 0.071 0.071 0.071 0.071
                       
 Value       59.5  60.3
 Frequency      1     1
 Proportion 0.071 0.071
 

---

Temperatura

n	missing	distinct	Info	Mean	Gmd	.05	.10	.25	.50	.75	.90	.95
14	0	11	0.989	12.18	14.18	0.000	0.000	1.025	9.300	19.025	29.910	33.845

 Value        0.0   0.5   2.6   6.9   9.3  11.5  13.7  20.8  26.2  31.5  38.2
 Frequency      3     1     1     1     2     1     1     1     1     1     1
 Proportion 0.214 0.071 0.071 0.071 0.143 0.071 0.071 0.071 0.071 0.071 0.071
 

---

Estradas

n	missing	distinct	Info	Mean	Gmd	.05	.10	.25	.50	.75	.90	.95
14	0	13	0.998	12.49	9.119	4.195	5.700	6.675	9.650	18.675	22.440	24.620

 Value        1.4   5.7   6.5   7.2   7.9   8.5  10.8  13.8  15.0  19.9  21.6  22.8
 Frequency      1     2     1     1     1     1     1     1     1     1     1     1
 Proportion 0.071 0.143 0.071 0.071 0.071 0.071 0.071 0.071 0.071 0.071 0.071 0.071
                 
 Value       28.0
 Frequency      1
 Proportion 0.071
 

---

Prox.casas

n	missing	distinct	Info	Mean	Gmd	.05	.10	.25	.50	.75	.90	.95
14	0	12	0.991	27.59	9.1	17.43	18.10	19.33	29.00	34.40	36.44	37.23

 Value       16.2  18.1  23.0  27.1  28.6  29.4  29.9  30.8  35.6  36.3  36.5  38.6
 Frequency      1     3     1     1     1     1     1     1     1     1     1     1
 Proportion 0.071 0.214 0.071 0.071 0.071 0.071 0.071 0.071 0.071 0.071 0.071 0.071
 

---

Tipo.solo

n	missing	distinct	Info	Mean	Gmd
14	0	1	0	2	0

 Value       2
 Frequency  14
 Proportion  1
 

---

Agua

n	missing	distinct	Info	Sum	Mean	Gmd
14	0	2	0.754	7	0.5	0.5385

---

2.2 Normality Test of Numerical Variables

2.2.1 Statistics and Visualization of (Sample) Data

[ Percentagem.floresta ]

normality test : Shapiro-Wilk normality test

 statistic : 0.88657,  p-value : 0.0721477

skewness and kurtosis

type	skewness	kurtosis
original	0.5451584	3.010174
log transformation	-0.9635486	2.412474
sqrt transformation	-0.3083150	1.980650

---

[ Coelho ]

normality test : Shapiro-Wilk normality test

 statistic : 0.91539,  p-value : 0.188675

skewness and kurtosis

type	skewness	kurtosis
original	-0.1889050	1.662889
log transformation	-0.4467146	1.744336
sqrt transformation	-0.3207935	1.688338

---

[ Raposa ]

normality test : Shapiro-Wilk normality test

 statistic : 0.86375,  p-value : 0.0343213

skewness and kurtosis

type	skewness	kurtosis
original	0.7189554	2.092522
log transformation	0.3143344	1.896306
sqrt transformation	0.5350215	1.927766

---

[ Precipitação ]

normality test : Shapiro-Wilk normality test

 statistic : 0.93057,  p-value : 0.310781

skewness and kurtosis

type	skewness	kurtosis
original	0.5619844	2.225319
log transformation	-1.6825470	6.141213
sqrt transformation	-0.1928128	2.668658

---

[ Humidade ]

normality test : Shapiro-Wilk normality test

 statistic : 0.85871,  p-value : 0.0292212

skewness and kurtosis

type	skewness	kurtosis
original	1.0686247	3.624844
log transformation	NaN	NaN
sqrt transformation	0.0249135	1.718327

---

[ Declive ]

normality test : Shapiro-Wilk normality test

 statistic : 0.54992,  p-value : 1.5011E-05

skewness and kurtosis

type	skewness	kurtosis
original	1.753977	4.477464
log transformation	NaN	NaN
sqrt transformation	1.507591	3.433156

---

[ Insectos ]

normality test : Shapiro-Wilk normality test

 statistic : 0.62191,  p-value : 6.40237E-05

skewness and kurtosis

type	skewness	kurtosis
original	1.625946	3.980389
log transformation	NaN	NaN
sqrt transformation	1.136235	2.872752

---

[ Agricola ]

normality test : Shapiro-Wilk normality test

 statistic : 0.7974,  p-value : 0.00463533

skewness and kurtosis

type	skewness	kurtosis
original	0.7457069	1.926734
log transformation	NaN	NaN
sqrt transformation	0.1441511	1.555480

---

[ Ratos ]

normality test : Shapiro-Wilk normality test

 statistic : 0.92353,  p-value : 0.247053

skewness and kurtosis

type	skewness	kurtosis
original	0.080069	1.864322
log transformation	NaN	NaN
sqrt transformation	-1.078792	4.243522

---

[ Temperatura ]

normality test : Shapiro-Wilk normality test

 statistic : 0.87729,  p-value : 0.0531884

skewness and kurtosis

type	skewness	kurtosis
original	0.8171775	2.471805
log transformation	NaN	NaN
sqrt transformation	-0.0173183	1.796110

---

[ Estradas ]

normality test : Shapiro-Wilk normality test

 statistic : 0.92612,  p-value : 0.269029

skewness and kurtosis

type	skewness	kurtosis
original	0.5663759	2.153198
log transformation	-0.8893821	3.805399
sqrt transformation	0.0370818	2.225574

---

[ Prox.casas ]

normality test : Shapiro-Wilk normality test

 statistic : 0.91092,  p-value : 0.162526

skewness and kurtosis

type	skewness	kurtosis
original	-0.1499692	1.663703
log transformation	-0.4049146	1.714642
sqrt transformation	-0.2808116	1.676968

---

[ Agua ]

normality test : Shapiro-Wilk normality test

 statistic : 0.6463,  p-value : 0.000108276

skewness and kurtosis

type	skewness	kurtosis
original	0	1
log transformation	NaN	NaN
sqrt transformation	0	1

---

3 Relationship Between Variables

3.1 Correlation Coefficient

3.1.1 Correlation Coefficient by Variable Combination

Table of correlation coefficients (0.5 or more)

Variable1	Variable2	Correlation Coefficient
Prox.casas	Coelho	0.9993479
Estradas	Precipitação	0.9992197
Estradas	Coelho	-0.9650285
Precipitação	Coelho	-0.9627921
Prox.casas	Estradas	-0.9605550
Prox.casas	Precipitação	-0.9581716
Agua	Densidade	0.8855958
Prox.casas	Densidade	0.8544413
Coelho	Densidade	0.8498895
Raposa	Percentagem.floresta	-0.8353497
Estradas	Densidade	-0.8205253
Precipitação	Densidade	-0.8133017
Agua	Prox.casas	0.7962256
Agua	Estradas	-0.7917476
Agua	Coelho	0.7864558
Agua	Precipitação	-0.7842829
Ratos	Agricola	0.7310285
Percentagem.floresta	Densidade	0.7004555
Agua	Percentagem.floresta	0.6111027
Insectos	Raposa	0.5842812
Raposa	Densidade	-0.5583191
Insectos	Percentagem.floresta	-0.5569839
Insectos	Densidade	-0.5459909
Declive	Coelho	-0.5161795
Prox.casas	Declive	-0.5069721

3.1.2 Correlation Plot of Numerical Variables

4 Target based Analysis

4.1 Grouped Descriptive Statistics

4.1.1 Grouped Numerical Variables

[ Percentagem.floresta ]

Simple Linear Model Information

 Residual standard error: 12 on 12 degrees of freedom
 Multiple R-squared:  0.49064,  Adjusted R-squared:  0.44819
 F-statistic: 12 on 1 and 12 DF,  p-value: 0.0052713157382547

Coefficients:

Simple Linear Model coefficients : Percentagem.floresta

	Estimate	Std. Error	t value	Pr(>|t|)
(Intercept)	62.32	5.36	11.62	0.00
Percentagem.floresta	2.01	0.59	3.40	0.01

Visualization:

---

[ Coelho ]

Simple Linear Model Information

 Residual standard error: 9 on 12 degrees of freedom
 Multiple R-squared:  0.72231,  Adjusted R-squared:  0.69917
 F-statistic: 31 on 1 and 12 DF,  p-value: 0.00011857639249599

Coefficients:

Simple Linear Model coefficients : Coelho

	Estimate	Std. Error	t value	Pr(>|t|)
(Intercept)	27.75	9.10	3.05	0.01
Coelho	1.81	0.32	5.59	0.00

Visualization:

---

[ Raposa ]

Simple Linear Model Information

 Residual standard error: 14 on 12 degrees of freedom
 Multiple R-squared:  0.31172,  Adjusted R-squared:  0.25436
 F-statistic: 5 on 1 and 12 DF,  p-value: 0.0379835265092045

Coefficients:

Simple Linear Model coefficients : Raposa

	Estimate	Std. Error	t value	Pr(>|t|)
(Intercept)	97.65	9.75	10.01	0.00
Raposa	-1.45	0.62	-2.33	0.04

Visualization:

---

[ Precipitação ]

Simple Linear Model Information

 Residual standard error: 10 on 12 degrees of freedom
 Multiple R-squared:  0.66146,  Adjusted R-squared:  0.63325
 F-statistic: 23 on 1 and 12 DF,  p-value: 0.000403586823335824

Coefficients:

Simple Linear Model coefficients : Precipitação

	Estimate	Std. Error	t value	Pr(>|t|)
(Intercept)	97.37	5.03	19.34	0
Precipitação	-1.73	0.36	-4.84	0

Visualization:

---

[ Humidade ]

Simple Linear Model Information

 Residual standard error: 17 on 12 degrees of freedom
 Multiple R-squared:  0.05741,  Adjusted R-squared:  -0.02114
 F-statistic: 1 on 1 and 12 DF,  p-value: 0.409341450882033

Coefficients:

Simple Linear Model coefficients : Humidade

	Estimate	Std. Error	t value	Pr(>|t|)
(Intercept)	80.37	6.17	13.02	0.00
Humidade	-2.87	3.36	-0.85	0.41

Visualization:

---

[ Declive ]

Simple Linear Model Information

 Residual standard error: 16 on 12 degrees of freedom
 Multiple R-squared:  0.10738,  Adjusted R-squared:  0.033
 F-statistic: 1 on 1 and 12 DF,  p-value: 0.252732445790891

Coefficients:

Simple Linear Model coefficients : Declive

	Estimate	Std. Error	t value	Pr(>|t|)
(Intercept)	79.31	4.85	16.34	0.00
Declive	-6.56	5.46	-1.20	0.25

Visualization:

---

[ Insectos ]

Simple Linear Model Information

 Residual standard error: 14 on 12 degrees of freedom
 Multiple R-squared:  0.29811,  Adjusted R-squared:  0.23961
 F-statistic: 5 on 1 and 12 DF,  p-value: 0.0434011022875512

Coefficients:

Simple Linear Model coefficients : Insectos

	Estimate	Std. Error	t value	Pr(>|t|)
(Intercept)	81.85	4.48	18.29	0.00
Insectos	-0.65	0.29	-2.26	0.04

Visualization:

---

[ Agricola ]

Simple Linear Model Information

 Residual standard error: 15 on 12 degrees of freedom
 Multiple R-squared:  0.22218,  Adjusted R-squared:  0.15736
 F-statistic: 3 on 1 and 12 DF,  p-value: 0.0888660093518512

Coefficients:

Simple Linear Model coefficients : Agricola

	Estimate	Std. Error	t value	Pr(>|t|)
(Intercept)	69.89	5.49	12.72	0.00
Agricola	2.87	1.55	1.85	0.09

Visualization:

---

[ Ratos ]

Simple Linear Model Information

 Residual standard error: 16 on 12 degrees of freedom
 Multiple R-squared:  0.11018,  Adjusted R-squared:  0.03603
 F-statistic: 1 on 1 and 12 DF,  p-value: 0.246268931809105

Coefficients:

Simple Linear Model coefficients : Ratos

	Estimate	Std. Error	t value	Pr(>|t|)
(Intercept)	67.10	9.02	7.44	0.00
Ratos	0.29	0.24	1.22	0.25

Visualization:

---

[ Temperatura ]

Simple Linear Model Information

 Residual standard error: 17 on 12 degrees of freedom
 Multiple R-squared:  0.00992,  Adjusted R-squared:  -0.07259
 F-statistic: 0 on 1 and 12 DF,  p-value: 0.734795419733537

Coefficients:

Simple Linear Model coefficients : Temperatura

	Estimate	Std. Error	t value	Pr(>|t|)
(Intercept)	78.34	6.51	12.03	0.00
Temperatura	-0.13	0.38	-0.35	0.73

Visualization:

---

[ Estradas ]

Simple Linear Model Information

 Residual standard error: 10 on 12 degrees of freedom
 Multiple R-squared:  0.67326,  Adjusted R-squared:  0.64603
 F-statistic: 25 on 1 and 12 DF,  p-value: 0.000323855046548262

Coefficients:

Simple Linear Model coefficients : Estradas

	Estimate	Std. Error	t value	Pr(>|t|)
(Intercept)	98.21	5.06	19.41	0
Estradas	-1.72	0.35	-4.97	0

Visualization:

---

[ Prox.casas ]

Simple Linear Model Information

 Residual standard error: 9 on 12 degrees of freedom
 Multiple R-squared:  0.73007,  Adjusted R-squared:  0.70758
 F-statistic: 32 on 1 and 12 DF,  p-value: 9.959890031143e-05

Coefficients:

Simple Linear Model coefficients : Prox.casas

	Estimate	Std. Error	t value	Pr(>|t|)
(Intercept)	26.38	9.16	2.88	0.01
Prox.casas	1.83	0.32	5.70	0.00

Visualization:

---

[ Agua ]

Simple Linear Model Information

 Residual standard error: 8 on 12 degrees of freedom
 Multiple R-squared:  0.78428,  Adjusted R-squared:  0.7663
 F-statistic: 44 on 1 and 12 DF,  p-value: 2.51894588648466e-05

Coefficients:

Simple Linear Model coefficients : Agua

	Estimate	Std. Error	t value	Pr(>|t|)
(Intercept)	62.60	3.03	20.68	0
Agua	28.27	4.28	6.61	0

Visualization:

---

4.1.2 Grouped Categorical Variables

There is no categorical variable.

4.2 Grouped Relationship Between Variables

4.2.1 Grouped Correlation Coefficient

Numerical target variables are not supported.

4.2.2 Grouped Correlation Plot of Numerical Variables

Numerical target variables are not supported.